UK’s stem cell transplant system may be putting lives at risk, report by MPs finds

The UK’s stem cell transplant system is potentially putting the lives of blood cancer patients at risk as a result of inadequate infrastructure and a lack of long-term planning, a parliamentary report has found.

A hematopoietic stem cell transplant, often referred to as a bone marrow transplant, is a medical procedure in which stem cells from a healthy donor are transplanted into a patient.

It can be a life-saving treatment for serious diseases such as blood cancer, blood disorders and some auto-immune conditions. About 4,000 stem cell transplants are performed in the UK each year.

The report, by the all-party parliamentary group on ethnicity transplantation and transfusion, found that the UK’s stem cell transplant system was not fit for purpose, with the system “no longer resilient, sustainable nor equitable” or meeting patients’ needs.

Among the problems was the fact that in 2024-25, only 24% of stem cell transplants in the UK used a UK donor. This is an issue because, according to the UK Stem Cell Strategic Forum expert group, the UK should have a supply of 45% of UK donors. Stem cell donations from overseas cost more than those from UK donors, while also introducing supply chain risks.

The review also found that people from minority-ethnic backgrounds who needed a stem cell transplant faced significant health inequalities.

People from minority backgrounds have only a 37% chance of getting a well-matched donor compared with 72% of white patients from a northern European background.

Bell Ribeiro-Addy, Labour MP for Clapham and Brixton Hill and chair of the APPG, said: “This report raises urgent questions about whether the UK’s stem cell transplant system is truly fit for the future.

“Patients with blood cancer and other life-threatening conditions depend on a system that is resilient, properly coordinated and equitable – yet our findings show serious gaps in accountability, planning and fairness.

“The inequalities facing minority ethnic and mixed heritage patients are especially alarming. Too many patients are still unable to find a matching donor, and shockingly, we do not even have complete data on how many people are missing out on potentially life-saving transplants.”

Another problem the report identified was that, unlike with blood and organ donations, there was no single organisation with responsibility for stem cell donations, meaning policy change was often slower and more scattered.

The APPG has recommended that the government launches a review into the UK’s stem cell system to address the issues.

Caitlin Farrow, director of strategy and influencing at the charity Anthony Nolan, said: “This report speaks to the inequity in access to unrelated stem cell donors for people from a minority ethnic background, an issue we are also deeply committed to raising awareness of and working to address.

“We know that addressing inequity of access and outcomes for minority ethnic patients requires a combination of strategies. We are also therefore pleased to see the APPG’s recognition of the importance of supporting the growth of registries in under-represented parts of the world.”