Europe is facing extreme heat with rising temperatures and health risks, but many countries lack effective heat-health action plans. The World Meteorological Organisation warns of the return of El Niño, exacerbating the situation.
Key points
Europe is experiencing extreme heat and rising temperatures.
The World Meteorological Organisation warns of El Niño's return.
Heat causes tens of thousands of deaths in Europe annually.
Many European countries lack effective heat-health action plans.
Climate shelters are emerging but are limited in scope.
Meteorological summer has begun, ushered in with scorching heat that struck before spring was up. Although western Europe is nowmostly free from last week’s heat dome – which shattered temperature records for May in the UK and Ireland – it is already bracing for yet another sweltering summer. Oppressive days, restless nights and furious fires are brewing. On Tuesday, the World Meteorological Organisation warned us all to prepare for the imminent return of the warming weather pattern El Niño.
Scientists have not worked out how many people died during thislatest bout of hot weather, but one environmental epidemiologist’s early modelling pegged it at 250 extra deaths in the UK alone on the weekend before temperatures peaked. The full death toll is likely to be particularly high because the heat struck before people had properly adjusted their behaviour to stay safe in the heat.
Before I look at what’s being done to keep us safe as temperatures climb, let’s consider three points that slightly spoiled my ability to enjoy thesehot earlysummer days (I promise there is a bright spot at the end).
First, heat kills more people in Europe than almost any other issue you worry about – from crime to terror attacks – with many tens of thousands of early deaths each year. Second, burning fossil fuels has already made heatwaves hotter, longer and more deadly – a study in September attributed two in every three heat deaths in European cities to climate breakdown. Third, simple steps to save lives, many of which are cheap or would pay for themselves in the long run, are largely absent from national politics. A survey of European countries in 2024 found just 21 of 38 had heat-health action plans. Efforts to turn carparks into green spaces are often still considered radical.
Q&A
What are the health impacts of extreme heat in Europe?
Extreme heat in Europe leads to tens of thousands of early deaths each year, with recent estimates suggesting 250 extra deaths in the UK alone during the latest heatwave.
How does climate change affect heatwaves in Europe?
Climate change has made heatwaves hotter, longer, and more deadly, with studies indicating that two in every three heat deaths in European cities are attributed to climate breakdown.
What measures are European countries taking to address extreme heat?
Only 21 out of 38 surveyed European countries have heat-health action plans, and initiatives like turning car parks into green spaces are often seen as radical.
What is the role of climate shelters in Europe during heatwaves?
Climate shelters provide refuge for people to cool down and hydrate, but European cities lack the extensive cooling facilities found in the US and Australia.
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There are exceptions to the collective denial, such as the rise of climate shelters in which people can take refuge, cool down and drink a glass of water. European cities tend to lack the huge sports facilities used as cooling centres in the US and Australia but what air-conditioning they do have is often in big public buildings – such as schools, museums, libraries – that are well-known and easy to reach.
Ana Terra Amorim-Maia, a researcher at the Basque Centre for Climate Change, said “the thing that clicked” in Barcelona was the realisation that minor investments could open these spaces to citizens in need.
The task for local governments and owners of businesses that double up as shelters is fairly simple. “You need to maybe change the opening hours, put more staff in, train them more, [add] some signs and communication material. But these are minimal adaptations and they can, hopefully, save a life.”
Climate shelters became popular in Barcelona, where they have grown in number to more than 400 since the localprogramme began in 2020, and have nowspread across Spain. In December, Pedro Sánchez, the socialist prime minister, announced a national network of climate shelters as part of a “state pact to tackle the climate emergency”. Cities across Europe are adopting them too, with formal cooling zones cropping up from Paris to Vienna.
The situation is not perfect. Daytime shelters offer little relief to the rise in tropical nights that prevent exhausted bodies recovering. What’s more, extreme heat this year started in May but many climate shelters were only scheduled to open in June. And there are certainly teething problems in the rollout: one of Amorim-Maia’s friends,she tells me, went to a climate shelter in Bilbao in 30C heat last year and found it closed. Itsopening hours had actually been reduced over summer.
On the continent, southern Europe is most exposed to punishing temperatures but the real test for adapting to a warmer world may come in northern Europe. Streets and buildings in Mediterranean countries have been designed with heat in mind – think shutters, awnings, shaded streets and public fountains – and there are signs that people are already reducing risk by adapting. It is northern European countries such as the UK, Switzerland and Norway that will suffer the greatest relative rise in uncomfortable temperatures, a study found in 2023.
Positive action can make a difference
Rooftop air conditioning units for building climate control against a blue skySeveral white air conditioning condenser units are installed on the flat roof of a building. The units vary slightly in size and are set against a clear blue sky with a few wispy clouds.
Air conditioning in public buildings can provide cool shelters. Photograph: zpagistock/Getty Images
In the UK, poorly insulated homes expose people to dangerous temperatures in both winter and summer. In parts of the country, heatwaves are expected to get so much worse that passive cooling solutions such as natural shading will not be enough to keep people safe.Two weeks ago, the UKgovernment’s official climate advisers recommended that air conditioning be installed in all care homes and hospitals within the next 10 years, and in all schools within 25 years. Some climate campaigners have echoed their calls.
The good news I promised earlier is that heat (unlike, say, air pollution) is a killer that you have a surprising amount of control over. Drawing blinds, drinking water and staying indoors during the hottest parts of the day are all simple actions we can take. But one often overlooked piece of advice, to my mind, is to check in on neighbours. Older people living alone are vastly over-represented in mortality statistics and simple interventions could alert authorities before tragedy strikes.
This isn’t to distract from the importance of greening cities or rapidly reducing planet-heating pollution. But doctors and scientists assure me thiscan make a meaningful difference. So the next time it gets too hot, consider calling your older relatives or introducing yourself to the retired neighbournext door with an ice-cream or cool drink – it might just meanthe difference between life and death.
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