Europe's security may increasingly rely on the EU's mutual defense clause, article 42.7, as the reliability of NATO and US support comes into question. Recent geopolitical tensions highlight the need for European nations to consider their own defense obligations.
Key points
NATO's article 5 requires collective defense among member states.
The EU's article 42.7 obligates mutual aid in case of armed attacks.
US military presence in Europe has historically provided security.
Recent geopolitical tensions have questioned the reliability of US support.
European nations may need to rely more on their own defense mechanisms.
Most people have heard of Nato’s article 5. The “one for all, all for one” clause states an armed attack on one member country should be considered an attack on all, requiring member states to come to the victim’s aid – including with “the use of armed force”.
Not so many, till this week, had heard of the EU’s own mutual defence clause, article 42.7 (pdf), which says that if a member state comes under armed attack, the others “shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power”. That’s perhaps because there hadn’t, until recently, been much need for Europeans to consult article 42.7. More than 40 US military bases and 85,000 troops across the EU (and UK) were testament to Washington’s defence commitment to the old continent.
But times have changed. Earlier this year Donald Trump threatened to invade Greenland – and Denmark, a Nato member state, took the threat seriously enough to prepare for war, sending explosives and bloodbags to its largely autonomous territory. Two months later, the US president attacked Iran, without consulting European allies – then demanded they join in, called them “cowards” when they declined to help reopen the strait of Hormuz, and dismissed Nato as a “paper tiger”.
He has said he is “absolutely” considering pulling the US out of the alliance. And when European leaders were reluctant to allow US bases on their territory to be used for bombing missions in Iran, his secretary of state, Marco Rubio, questioned the point of keeping the bases there.
It should, by now, be clear to even the most staunchly atlanticist European, in short, that the US defence umbrella that has sheltered them for the past 77 years has sprung more than a few leaks, and could very conceivably be blown away altogether.
Q&A
What is the EU's mutual defense clause article 42.7?
Article 42.7 states that if a member state is under armed attack, other EU members are obligated to provide aid and assistance by all means available.
How does article 42.7 compare to NATO's article 5?
While NATO's article 5 requires collective defense against armed attacks on any member, article 42.7 emphasizes mutual aid among EU states in similar situations.
What recent events have raised concerns about US support for Europe?
Recent threats from former President Trump, including potential US withdrawal from NATO and unilateral military actions, have raised doubts about the reliability of US defense commitments.
Why is the EU's mutual defense clause becoming more relevant now?
With increasing geopolitical tensions and uncertainty regarding US military support, European nations are recognizing the importance of their own defense mechanisms outlined in article 42.7.
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That is certainly the view of Donald Tusk, prime minister of perhaps the US’s most fervent ally in Europe, Poland, who told the FT that the bloc’s “most important question” was whether the US would be “loyal” to its Nato pledge in the event of Russian attack.
Hence the renewed interest in the EU’s article 42.7. On the face of it, it offers a stronger guarantee even than Nato’s, obliging EU states to aid their fellows “by all the means in their power” (the alliance stipulates only “as they deem necessary”). But what might that mean in practice? Unfortunately, the answer is: nobody quite knows. “The treaty is very clear about the what,” said Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission chief. “It is not clear about what happens when, and who does what.”
At last week’s EU summit in Cyprus, leaders agreed the Commission would “prepare a blueprint” on how the bloc will respond if the clause is triggered. A “handbook” was being drawn up, said António Costa, the president of the European Council.
The push to “operationalise” 42.7 has been driven by Cyprus, one of the few EU members not in Nato, after it was targeted by drones seemingly launched by Lebanon’s Hezbollah – one of which struck the UK’s RAF Akrotiri airbase. The country’s president, Nikos Christodoulides, called for bilateral assistance rather than invoking a clause widely acknowledged as poorly defined. Greece, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands mobilised assets, including jet fighters.
But the incident showed the EU was far from being in a position “to act as a credible guarantor of security”, Christodoulides said, certainly in the event of a full-scale attack. Article 42.7, he said, urgently needed to become a practical operational tool.
France is so far the onlycountry to have formally triggered 42.7, after its 2015 terror attacks. Several EU states boosted troop numbers on EU and UN missions so France could recall its soldiers, while others provided intelligence and police support. Speaking in Athens at the weekend, its president, Emmanuel Macron, agreed with his Cypriot counterpart: clause 42.7 had to be “more than words” now there was “doubt on Nato’s article 5 – put on the table not by the Europeans, but by the US president”.
Greece’s prime minister, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, also acknowledged the bloc had “never really spoken about” its mutual defence clause, “because we thought Nato would always do the job. But now we need to take this article much more seriously.”
Europe’s war games
High Representative and vice-president for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas speaks to journalists as she arrives for an informal meeting of the European Council in Nicosia on April 24, 2026.
Kaja Kallas wants Europe to make a plan about defence as soon as possible. Photograph: Nicolas Tucat/AFP/Getty Images
So three scenarios are to be hypothetically “war gamed” in Brussels, by ambassadors and then ministers, to start that process, Euractiv reported: an attack on a non-Nato EU country; an attack on one in both; and a hybrid attack not covered by Nato.
For the EU’s foreign affairs and security policy chief, Kaja Kallas, articles 42.7 and 5 are “complementary”, with the former covering a variety of different forms of aid – such as economic or medical – but only the latter specifically and explicitly mentioning military force. “There’s a very strong European pillar in Nato,” Kallas told Euronews. But, she added, Europe does need to “operationalise 42.7 … by mapping what the possibilities are; who does what in what case; how we all work together. And we need to do it fast.”
Analysts say Europe should prepare for the worst. “Europe must insure itself against the possibility that American support may be limited, delayed or politically blocked,” wrote Christian Mölling and Torben Schütz of the European Policy Centre.
In one sense at least, it is: European Nato members boosted their defence budgets by 14% last year, the steepest rise since 1953, according to a report this week by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri). The biggest increases, Sipri said, were in Belgium (59%), Spain (50%) and Norway (49%). Germany in particular has set itself the goal of creating the strongest military in Europe by 2039.
But, as Mölling and Schütz note, procurement alone will not solve Europe’s defence problem. “The real gap concerns political and military leadership: who will decide on escalation, priorities, operational command and the distribution of risk?” they ask. “Who will turn political objectives into military options?”
For obvious reasons, defence has always been the most sensitive of the EU’s dossiers. Figuring out how, if the US fails to show up, article 42.7 might work – with what would be a very European Nato, or perhaps no Nato at all – might help focus a few minds.
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