A new study in *Science* reveals that remote workers experience higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to those working in-person. The findings indicate that remote work may lead to increased social isolation.
Key points
Study published in *Science*
Remote workers face higher depression and anxiety
Increased visits to mental health professionals
Social isolation linked to remote work
Popularity of remote work surged post-COVID-19
A woman is shown from behind at a sitting at a desk facing a computer screen. An array of small, framed photographs are on the wall above the computer.
A study in the journal Science found that people who work remotely had more depression, anxiety and visits to mental health professionals than those who work in jobs that can't be done remotely.
Lea Suzuki/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images
Lea Suzuki/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images
Remote work has soared in popularity since the COVID-19 pandemic. But, a new study suggests the practice has made workers more socially isolated, anxious and depressed compared to people who work in-person in offices and other settings.
"Other studies have found that workers are willing to give up 4 to 10% of their earnings in order to have the ability to work remotely," says Natalia Emanuel, an economist at Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the main author of the new study . "So there is a great desire for remote work."
Q&A
What did the study in *Science* find about remote work and mental health?
The study found that remote workers reported higher levels of depression and anxiety than those in in-person jobs.
How has remote work impacted social isolation among employees?
The study suggests that remote work has contributed to increased social isolation among workers.
What are the mental health consequences of working from home?
Workers who are remote have more visits to mental health professionals compared to their in-person counterparts.
Why did remote work become more popular after the COVID-19 pandemic?
Remote work gained popularity due to the necessity of social distancing and safety measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
And yet, she and her colleagues found that people in remote jobs have seen a rise in hours spent alone during the workday, and more visits to mental health care providers. In self-reports, they also assess their own mental health negatively.
How does working from home change us?
The findingssuggest that "people might be choosing poorly," when it comes to their wellbeing, says Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business, who wasn't involved in the study.
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That's probably because "it's very easy to recognize that the commute is a pain in the neck and the traffic sucks," compared to anticipating how missed social connections at work will impact us down the line, he says. His own research has documented that people "underestimate how well things will go when we actually reach out to connect with other people," he adds.
Epley says Emanuel and her colleagues found a way to answer a question he gets asked often: "What work from home does to us?"
"Everybody wants to know how is that changing things? And usually the answer is we can't really tell," he explains. "We can't really tell because people weren't randomly assigned to work from home or not as a terrible experiment."
"Remotable" vs. "non-remotable" jobs
To get around that problem, Emanuel and her colleagues looked at data from five large national surveys on American workers, both in jobs that allow remote work, like software engineering and marketing – so-called "remotable jobs" and those in jobs that can't be done remotely ("non-remotable jobs" like surgery, or mechanical engineering).
They found that workers in remotable jobs had experienced a 58% rise in hours spent alone compared to people in non-remotable jobs. These workers also saw a 72% rise in chances of spending their whole day with no human contact.
"Not even like a wave to a barista, not somebody also checking for ripeness of the avocados at the grocery store," says Emanuel. "Just no human contact at all."
Remote workers aren't making up for that lost social connection by socializing after work, she adds."We even see a decrease in spending time with friends after the work day relative to people in non-remotable occupations."
More psych meds, too
People in remote jobs also saw a rise in symptoms of emotional distress, evaluated with a standardized questionnaire about symptoms of anxiety and depression. They also had more visits to mental health care providers and used more prescription psychiatric meds.
All these impacts were worse for remote workers who live alone. For example, they saw the largest increase – 83% – in chances of spending their days with no social contact.
"Likewise, the increase in mental distress is almost twice as large for those living alone as for those living with their family," notes Epley.
That's no surprise, he adds. Scores of past studies have documented the negative impacts of isolation and loneliness on our mental and even physical health.
"Being alone compromises your immune system functioning, your cardiovascular system functioning," says Epley.
Studies have also documented that the biggest predictor of wellbeing and happiness is "the quality of your social relationships," he adds.
While the new study's findings are important, Epley notes that they "don't suggest that every office should be forcing everybody to come in to work." However, employers should take into account that remote work is taking a toll on workers' mental health, and they should make working in the office "more attractive for people."
As many organizations are starting to bring employees back to work, Epley suggests, they should make sure that those who come in have other co-workers there, too. "What they're providing that's rewarding at work is social interaction, social connection," he says.
And for those still working remotely, Sandstrom, who also often works from home, recommends being intentional about seeking daily human interactions like she does.
"I leave the house every day. I go for a walk, I see my neighbors, I pet some dogs," she says. "I have my activities that I do. I play tennis. I have hobbies that mean that I see other people."
