The 1994 World Cup in the U.S. significantly boosted the popularity of soccer in America, drawing massive crowds and media attention. The final match between Brazil and Italy took place at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.
Key points
1994 World Cup boosted soccer's popularity in the U.S.
Final match was between Brazil and Italy.
Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosted the final.
Massive crowds attended the matches.
Event led to the establishment of Major League Soccer.
This photo shows a broad view of soccer fans packing the inside of the Rose Bowl prior to the World Cup final on July 17, 1994. Trees, including palm trees, rise up behind the stadium.
Soccer fans fill the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, Calif., prior to the World Cup final between Brazil and Italy on July 17, 1994.
Lois Bernstein/AP
The 1994 World Cup kicked off with a sold-out match.On a scorching afternoon in Chicago, some 63,000 spectators — including then-President Bill Clinton and Oprah Winfrey —were packed like sardines at Soldier Field to watch Germany vs. Bolivia. Their cheers and boos, as loud as thunder.
Today, it's easy to imagine a World Cup game drawing such American fanfare. But back then, it was a much different story.
"It was a big question as to how the U.S. would embrace it. Would people come to the games?" Mike Sorber, who played for the U.S. men's national team in 1994, told NPR.
Ahead of the 1994 World Cup, most Americans were unaware that the U.S. would be hosting the tournament. A survey from the time ranked soccer 67th among the nation's favorite sports (behind tractor pulling).
Q&A
What impact did the 1994 World Cup have on soccer in the U.S.?
The 1994 World Cup greatly increased soccer's popularity in the U.S., leading to a surge in fan engagement and the eventual establishment of Major League Soccer.
Where was the final match of the 1994 World Cup held?
The final match of the 1994 World Cup was held at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.
Which teams played in the final of the 1994 World Cup?
The final of the 1994 World Cup was contested between Brazil and Italy.
How did the 1994 World Cup influence American sports culture?
The 1994 World Cup introduced soccer to a broader American audience, fostering a lasting interest in the sport and influencing sports culture in the U.S.
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The FIFA World Cup trophy is displayed during the official draw ceremony held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. on Dec. 5, 2025.
Despite this, the 1994 World Cup — the first held in the U.S. — took a surprising turn. Game after game, stadiums were filled to capacity, packed not only with tourists and die-hard fans but also with soccer novices who came out of curiosity and because tickets were relatively affordable, according to soccer historians.
" I think all the naysayers were surprised," said Sorber, who is currently an assistant coach for Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls. "The atmosphere was electric. It was like a big party."
Wearing a soccer uniform, Mike Sorber plays soccer during an exhibition game at the Rose Bowl stadium in 1994. A soccer ball is on the green soccer field in front of him, and a couple of other players are in the vicinity.
Mike Sorber plays during an exhibition game at the Rose Bowl in 1994.
Al Bello/Getty Images
Al Bello/Getty Images
Soccer's momentum in the U.S. has only been growing since then, fueled by the launch of Major League Soccer and the success of the U.S. women's national team. When the World Cup returns to the U.S. in June, it will be greeted by alarger and more passionate fanbase than ever before.
How exactly did a sport that struggled to gain traction for decades go on to break the World Cup's record for largest attendance and win over Americans' hearts? To answer that, NPR spoke to Sorber, along with soccer journalists and fans, about the breakthrough World Cup.
Why did it take so long for the U.S. to embrace soccer?
How far back the soccer tradition in the U.S. goes depends on whom you ask and where they're from.
Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis and pockets of New York, New Jersey and New England all have deep soccer roots — often brought by European immigrants in the 19th century, according to Brian D. Bunk, who teaches the history of sports at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
As a result, the sport was largely associated with working-class and immigrant communities, Bunk added. Some also dismissed soccer over the perception that it lacked the physicality of sports like American football.
Standing along the side of a street, Colombian soccer fans wave their country's flag during the "Chicago Welcomes the World Cup" parade on June 15, 1994.
Colombian soccer fans wave their country's flag during the "Chicago Welcomes the World Cup" parade on June 15, 1994.
Eugene Garcia/AFP via Getty Images
Eugene Garcia/AFP via Getty Images
"The argument that was often made against soccer is that it was an inferior form of football," Bunk said.
There were brief bursts of excitement for the sport in the late 20th century — such as when legendary Brazilian player Pelé came to play in the U.S. in the late 1970s — but they never lasted long.
By the 1980s, the future of soccer in the U.S. looked bleak. The North American Soccer League, which began in 1968, folded after the 1984 season.American soccer officials hoped a World Cup tournament at home could resuscitate interest.
" Let's face it: You need to have the product in front of you to see what the heck this is all about," said Michael Lewis, who has covered soccer for five decades. He's editor of Front Row Soccer, a website that follows the soccer scene in New York and New Jersey.
FIFA also saw an opportunity. Soccer's global governing body viewed the U.S. "as the last and largest uncracked market for its sport," Pete Davies, who has written extensively about sports, told NPR's Fresh Air in 1994.
"And it want[ed] to get into that market," he added.
What led to the tournament's success in 1994?
What the U.S. lacked in soccer prowess, it made up for with its ability to put on a massive sporting event (thanks to the nation's football stadiums and experience hosting the Olympics) — and a fun one at that.
" We have the sporting infrastructure — the stadiums — we have the hotels, the restaurants, the transportation systems," said Bunk, of the University of Massachusetts. "And so all of that stuff meant that the World Cup could go very smoothly."
Americans also proved they were up for a good time — and World Cup fans knew how to bring the party. Drums, whistles, trumpets, singing, dancing and face paint were the hallmarks of a World Cup game.
A Mexican fan, his face painted with Mexico's national colors — red, white and green — cheers in the stands at the Citrus Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida, on June 24, 1994. He's wearing a large, wide sombrero-style hat.
A Mexican fan, his face painted with Mexico's national colors, cheers in the stands at the Citrus Bowl stadium in Orlando, Fla., on June 24, 1994, prior to the start of the World Cup match between Mexico and Ireland.
Hans Deryk/AP
Hans Deryk/AP
A soccer fan supporting Argentina plays a drum at the World Cup match between Argentina and Nigeria at Foxboro Stadium in Massachusetts in June 1994. The drum has the light blue and white stripes of the Argentine flag, and the fan is wearing a soccer jersey that also has light blue and white stripes. He is surrounded by other fans of Argentina who are also wearing the flag's colors or who are holding Argentine flags.
A soccer fan supporting Argentina plays a drum at the World Cup match between Argentina and Nigeria at Foxboro Stadium in Massachusetts in June 1994.
Richard Sellers/Allstar/Getty Images
Richard Sellers/Allstar/Getty Images
That's what Kevin Tallec Marston, a research fellow at the International Centre for Sports Studies in Switzerland, remembers most vividly from the Belgium vs. Saudi Arabia match in Washington, D.C., which he attended as a teenager.
"It was not the kind of fandom that Americans would associate with going to an NBA game, going to an NFL game," he said. "Seeing these people from all around the world with their own cultures, their own chants, their own songs, their own instruments."
Univision played a major role in attracting both Spanish- and non-Spanish-speaking viewers alike, especially through World Cup announcer Andrés Cantor and his iconic "Goooooooooool!"
"It created this sort of mythical element of what it was to watch the World Cup," said Tallec Marston, who, along with Front Row Soccer's Lewis, is a board member of the Society for American Soccer History.
But perhaps what electrified Americans most was the strong performance of the U.S. men's national team. It started with a hard-fought 1-1 tie with Switzerland, followed by a stunning 2-1 upset over powerhouse Colombia. (The victory was later marred by tragedy: Colombian defender Andrés Escobar, who had accidentally knocked the ball into his own team's net, was shot and killed shortly after returning home.)
That match was the first World Cup win for the U.S. men's team since 1950. The team's victory was witnessed by more than 93,000 fans at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.
Sorber, a midfielder in the starting lineup, said he had played for large crowds before, but never for an audience so enthralled by the U.S. team. It was "euphoria," he said.
" All of a sudden, it really opened the eyes to the whole United States … that wow, this is what the future of soccer could be."
Steve Davis covered the 1994 games as a young sports reporter for TheDallas Morning News. "It sort of lit a fire under people," he said. "I would think some Americans became soccer fans that day."
The U.S. team went on to lose to Romania 1-0 and then to Brazil 1-0. Although the U.S. didn't win, Sorber said, the support and energy from American fans during those matches felt like a victory.
" You had a huge turnout," he said. "So again, that was a big moment in U.S. soccer history … to reestablish soccer, to build that foundation and get more awareness for the U.S. national team."
Post-1994
In total, over 3.5 million people attended the 1994 World Cup — the largest attendance in FIFA history to this day. Despite its success, soccer's American fanbase didn't grow overnight.
"Soccer's growth isn't linear," writer Davis said.
Two years later, the professional Major League Soccer (MLS) launched. Around that time, FIFA's World Cup video game franchise helped introduce soccer to an even broader audience. All the while, the U.S. women's national team emerged as a dominating force and accelerated the rise of women's soccer globally.Across the U.S., youth soccer exploded in popularity.
Brandi Chastain celebrates after kicking the winning penalty kick at the 1999 women's World Cup final on July 10, 1999. She is kneeling on the grass and has raised her arms upward.
Brandi Chastain celebrates after kicking the winning penalty kick at the 1999 women's World Cup final against China on July 10, 1999.
Roberto Schmidt/AFP via Getty Images
Roberto Schmidt/AFP via Getty Images
The arrival of international superstars to MLS like David Beckham in 2007 and Lionel Messi in 2023 added fire to the nation's passion for the sport. MLS, which began with 10 teams, has since expanded to 30 clubs.
Together, these moments helped transform the soccer landscape in the United States. The 2022 World Cup in Qatar drew an average of 4.7 million American viewers per game, according to Nielsen. Each year, millions of Americans watch England's Premier League matches on TV and streaming platforms.
When it comes to America's favorite sports, soccer now ranks third, surpassing baseball, according to Ampere Analysis, a data firm focused on entertainment industries.
Davis, who is now the director of legacy programs for the North Texas FIFA World Cup Organizing Committee, said it's validating to see the sport he has loved and played since childhood resonate with more people at home.
"I did have some faith that it was going to grow," he said. "But I would be lying if I said I thought we'd be here in 2026 seeing how big it's become."
The challenges ahead
Although this isn't the first time that the U.S. has hosted the World Cup, the upcoming tournament is expected to be vastly different.
"One of the key aspects of the '94 World Cup was taking football to the new horizon," said Tallec Marston, who co-wrote Inventing the Boston Game. "So it'll be interesting because we are no longer in a new frontier."
Hosted by the U.S., Canada and Mexico, this year'scompetition will introduce more teams and matches than ever before. It will also return to a far more diverse United States. In 1994, about 8% of the country's population was foreign-born. As of 2025, immigrants make up 15% of the nation.
Two men walk past a mural of a soccer player in Guadalajara, Mexico, on April 29. The soccer player is kicking a soccer ball while suspended in midair.
Two men walk past a mural of a soccer player in Guadalajara, Mexico, on April 29. Mexico will co-host the biggest World Cup in history, along with the United States and Canada, from June 11 to July 19.
Ulises Ruiz/AFP via Getty Images
Ulises Ruiz/AFP via Getty Images
"You're gonna have a representation of countries and nations that we will have never seen before. And so that will be very exciting to see," Tallec Marston said.
The current U.S. men's national team has far more experience on the World Cup stage compared with the 1994 team. Since then, the team has qualified for every World Cup except one, in 2018. There's much excitement for this group of young players, many of whom are playing for top European clubs.
The controversies leading up to the games are also quite different. In 1994, the uncertainty was whether many Americans would attend the matches. This year, the question is whether they will be able to afford to — with dynamic pricing driving ticket costs sky-high.
The tournament will also take place during a politically volatile period in the United States. The ongoing war with Iran has led to questions about whether the Iranian team will participate.
The Trump administration's travel restrictions and harsh immigration crackdown have also sparked debate as to how many tourists will feel comfortable traveling to the United States. The administration is also requiring a bond of up to $15,000 for travelers from 50 countries that it deemed as having immigration risk factors, such as high overstay rates and screening and vetting deficiencies. Five nations that qualified for the World Cup — Algeria, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Tunisia and Cape Verde — are on the list.
For all these reasons, Lewis, who wrote Around the World Cup in 40 Years, about his experience covering eight men's World Cups, expects that "there'll be magic, but there'll be headaches too."
" I think the games themselves should be exciting and fun," he said. However, putting the problems to rest, Lewis added, will be "easier said than done."
