Hospital at centre of child HIV outbreak caught reusing syringes in undercover filming

He recalls one mother telling him that her daughter was injected with the same syringe as a cousin living with HIV, and that the syringe was then used on several other children. Qaisrani says a father told him he challenged syringe reuse at THQ Taunsa but was ignored by nurses.

BBC Eye has pieced together data from the Punjab provincial Aids screening programme, private clinics, and a data set leaked by police to identify 331 children who tested positive for HIV in the city of Taunsa between November 2024 and October 2025.

Out of a sample of 97 children with HIV whose families were also tested, only four of their mothers tested positive. This suggests very few of these cases were caused by mother-to-child transmission. The mother of Mohammed Amin and Asma, Sughra, tested negative for HIV – her husband died two years ago in a road traffic accident.

The provincial Aids screening programme data lists "contaminated needle" as the mode for transmission in more than half of all these 331 cases, including Asma's – for the others, the mode is not listed.

The Punjab government intervened in March 2025, when it said the number of cases was 106. THQ Taunsa Hospital's medical superintendent Dr Tayyab Farooq Chandio was suspended, but BBC Eye can reveal that within three months he was working with children again as a senior medical officer at a rural health centre in Taunsa's outskirts.

He told BBC Eye in an interview that he took "immediate" action after being notified of an HIV-positive case at THQ Taunsa, but he said the hospital was not the cause of the outbreak.

Chandio was replaced by Buzdar, who told the BBC that HIV was his "main focus" when he took the job in March 2025 and that he had a "zero tolerance" policy for unsafe infection control.

"We conducted training programmes for the paramedics and staff nurses on how to prevent and defeat HIV. The most important part is our section on infection prevention control. They have been properly trained in this," he said.

BBC Eye's evidence, however, proves that unsafe practices continued eight months later.

Our footage from November and December 2025, filmed over several weeks, captured syringes and vials frequently left open alongside discarded needles on countertops that should be kept sterile.

Most children we saw being treated at THQ Taunsa were given injections via a cannula – a tube inserted into a vein – which further increases the risk of infection. By entering directly into the bloodstream, contaminated medicine can bypass the body's natural defences.

We also filmed one nurse pull a used syringe from under a counter with liquid for the last patient still inside. Rather than discarding it she hands it to her colleague, apparently ready to be reused on another child.

When we showed Buzdar our undercover footage, he insisted it had been filmed before his tenure or that it had been staged.

When asked what he would say to local parents watching this footage, he said: "I can say to them with certainty, with confidence, that you should get your treatment done at THQ Taunsa."

In a statement, the local government said that "no validated epidemiological evidence" had "conclusively established THQ as a source" of the outbreak.

It added that a joint mission between the children's charity Unicef, the World Health Organization and the regional healthcare department had highlighted "the role of unregulated private practices" and "the contribution of unscreened blood transfusions".

But BBC Eye has been leaked the joint mission's April 2025 inspection report into the city's outbreak, which found many of the same issues as our investigation into THQ Taunsa.

"Conditions were especially concerning in the paediatric emergency room," the report says – this is one of the departments BBC Eye filmed in.

"Essential paediatric medications were missing, and unsafe injection practices were common. IV [intravenous] fluids were being reused, cannulas were unlabelled, and used IV sets were left hanging on stands. Hand hygiene was neglected – basins were blocked, and no sanitizers were available."

Dr Fatima Mir, professor of paediatric medicine at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, says our footage highlights weaknesses in infection control training in Pakistan. "We must warn our injectors: 'You have become an active instrument for passing disease.'"

Our investigation suggests that unsafe practices are in part driven by systemic pressures including a reliance on, and cultural preference for, injections as treatment.

Pakistan has one of the highest rates of therapeutic injections in the world, many of them medically unnecessary. Members of the general public ask for them, including for their children, and doctors happily oblige, says Mir. "They should keep the threshold for injection practice very high. Only give injections for life-threatening illnesses. For mild to moderate illnesses, use oral medication."

A shortage of medicines and supplies also fuels unsafe practices. The demand for injections can put a strain on resources, which are allocated in government hospitals through quota systems overseen by their superintendents. "They have a set number of supplies and are told they must make them last for the whole month," Mir says. "Are they seeing where corner-cutting is dangerous? And where the money should be spent?"

During our undercover filming we found that supplies were often missing on the wards, and that patients who could afford liquid paracetamol were told to bring their own. "They make us account for every little bit of medicine," one nurse said.

The practices documented in THQ Taunsa mirror those in previous outbreaks elsewhere in Pakistan.

In 2019, hundreds of children in the town of Ratodero, in Sindh province, tested positive for HIV, most of them with parents who tested negative. Local paediatrician Dr Imran Arbani told the BBC that he found repeated clinic visits and multiple injections in their medical histories, "so it must have been transmitted in one or other of these medical settings". By 2021 the number of HIV-positive local children had risen to 1,500 – and even now, new infections are still occurring.

While we were filming in Taunsa a cluster of cases was reported in Karachi. In the SITE Town area, children treated at a local government hospital, Kulsoom Bai Valika Hospital, were later testing positive for HIV.

Among them was two-year-old Mikasha.

A family member said hospital staff used the same syringe on multiple children: "They filled the same syringe and gave it to one child, then filled it again and gave it to another," they told BBC Eye.

The hospital's medical superintendent Dr Mumtaz Shaikh said in an interview that "qualified doctors will never reuse" syringes, "so we have no concept of such things happening in government hospitals".

The federal health minister, however, has confirmed publicly that the outbreak of 84 cases was triggered by the reuse of contaminated syringes at the hospital.

When we put the findings of our investigation to the national government, a spokesperson said that it had "acted promptly within its mandate to investigate concerns [and] implement infection prevention control measures", with guidelines sent to health facilities in March 2025.

Back in Taunsa, Asma's family say she is losing weight, and she now faces a lifetime of treatment for a virus she should never have been exposed to.

The stigma associated with HIV means that neighbours often stop their children from playing with her, leaving her isolated as well as sick, her family say. She asks her mother: "What is wrong with me?"

Standing at her brother's grave, Asma says she misses him. "He's with God now."

She tells BBC Eye she works hard at school.

"When I grow up," she says, "I want to become a doctor."